Adhesions - Scar tissue that which form as a consequence of infections, inflammation, surgery, etc.
Androgens - Sex hormones which are present in much higher concentrations in men than women.
Andrologist - An M.D./Ph.D. who specializes in the study of male reproduction.
Anovulation - The total absence of ovulation. Menses may still occur.
AntiMullerian Hormone (AMH) - A hormone that can be measured to get insight into the number of eggs remaining in the ovary.
AntiSperm Antibody Testing - Testing performed to determine if a man or a woman harbors substances (antibodies) that cause the sperm to clump together, lose motility, or impair the ability to fertilize an egg.
Assisted Hatching - The process of making a small hole in the zona pellucida (gel-like covering of embryo) to facilitate implantation of the developing embryo in the uterine wall.
Azoospermia - The absence of sperm in the seminal fluid. This may be due to a blockage or to an impairment of sperm production.
Basal Body Temperature - The body temperature of a person recorded immediately upon awakening, before any activity is undertaken. The temperature can be taken orally or rectally. The temperature is recorded daily on a graph, which can show evidence of ovulation when the temperature rises after ovulation and remains elevated for the rest of the menstrual cycle.
Beta HCG (HCG) - A hormone, beta human chorionic gonadotropin, produced by a pregnancy. Measurement of beta hCG is the blood test used to confirm a pregnancy and to follow its progression.
Biochemical Pregnancy - See Chemical Pregnancy.
Blastocyst - An embryo that is 5-6 days old and is made up of hundreds of cells.
Blighted Ovum (EGG) - A general term used to describe the situation where an intrauterine pregnancy fails to develop a fetus with heartbeat. Same as an Empty Sac pregnancy.
Bromocriptine (Parlodel) - An oral medication used to lower prolactin levels.
Capacitation - The change that sperm cells undergo as they travel through the woman's reproductive tract and that enables the sperm to penetrate the egg.
CBC (Complete Blood Count) - A routine preoperative blood test. This test gives information regarding infection and anemia.
Cervical Mucus - Secretions produced by the cervix which vary in viscosity according to the phase of the menstrual cycle, and become penetrable by sperm in the days preceding ovulation. The cervical mucus is responsible for buffering the sperm against the natural acidity of the vaginal environment.
Chemical Pregnancy - A pregnancy characterized by positive hCG level in the blood that does not lead to a clinical pregnancy. A very early miscarriage.
Chlamydia - A microorganism that may be transmitted by sexual contact. Chlamydia can exist in the reproductive tract without symptoms and cause infertility. If present, both partners must be treated.
Clinical Pregnancy - Clinical evidence of pregnancy including increasing hCG levels and clinical evidence of pregnancy such as an ultrasound examination, physical signs on examination, tissue confirming pregnancy or miscarriage.
Clomiphene Citrate (Clomid/Serophene) - A synthetic drug used to stimulate the body's own production of FSH and LH.
Corpus Luteum - The follicle in the ovary at the site of the released egg that produces the hormone progesterone during the second half of the menstrual cycle. If pregnancy occurs, the corpus luteum persists and produces the progesterone necessary to support pregnancy.
Cryopreservation - Freezing of a cells for later use. In reproductive medicine, the freezing of sperm or excess eggs or embryos from an IVF cycle. The sperm, eggs and/ or embryos are preserved for future transfer by storing them at very low temperatures in liquid nitrogen.
Danazol - A medication used to treat endometriosis by suppressing the cyclic production of FSH/LH to lower the hormonal stimulus needed by the disease.
Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate (DHEAS) - An androgen hormone produced by the adrenal gland in both sexes.
Donor Egg(s), Donor Oocyte(s) - Eggs that are removed from the ovaries of one woman for use by another.
Donor Embryo - An embryo created previously in an IVF cycle which has been donated, either anonymously or in a directed manner, so that other couples with infertility may attempt pregnancy using that embryo.
Donor Insemination - See TDI.
Donor Sperm - Sperm that are collected from a man who is not the woman's partner to be used to artificially inseminate her. Usually this sperm is obtained in a frozen state from a commercial sperm bank.
Ectopic Pregnancy - An embryo implanting and developing outside the uterus, usually in a fallopian tube, rarely in an ovary, or in the abdominal area.
Embryo - The term used to describe the early stages of fetal growth.
Embryo Transfer - A procedure in which an embryo is placed into the uterus with the goal of implantation and pregnancy.
Endometriosis - The presence of endometrial-like tissue (the normal uterine lining) in abnormal locations, such as the fallopian tubes, ovaries and abdominal cavity.
Endometrial Biopsy - A small sample of tissue removed from the lining of the uterus for microscopic examination.
Endometrial Receptivity Analysis (ERA) - Tests the endometrial “receptivity” on the day of would-be embryo transfer. The uterus is prepared with estrogen and progesterone (as with a Frozen Embryo Transfer/FET cycle) but, instead of an embryo transfer, a biopsy is performed with a small catheter. The tissue is sent for molecular analysis and the test result will indicate “receptive” or “not receptive".
Estrace - A brand of the type estrogen (estradiol) that is primarily produced by the ovaries during the reproductive years.
Estrogen - The primary steroid hormone produced by the ovaries from puberty to menopause.
Estradiol Level (E-2 Level) - The principal form of estrogen in reproductive age women. Its level is measured in the blood to determine follicular maturation prior to ovulation.
Fallopian Tube - Tube like organs that conduct eggs from the ovary to the uterus. Normal fertilization takes place within this structure. The Fallopian tubes are also responsible for transporting the developing embryo into the uterine cavity for implantation.
Fertilization - Penetration of an egg by a sperm.
Fetus - The developing human organism after the embryo stage from the ninth week of pregnancy to the moment of birth.
Fibroid - A non-cancerous smooth muscle tumor found within the wall of the uterus. Also known as a myoma.
Follicle - Fluid-filled structure on the ovary which contains the ripening egg and from which the egg is released at ovulation or retrieved during an IVF cycle. The follicle also produces estradiol and later progesterone.
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) - A hormone produced in the pituitary gland that stimulates the ovary to ripen a follicle for ovulation. In the male, FSH stimulates sperm production.
Follicular Phase - The portion of the menstrual cycle when ovarian follicle development takes place.
Frozen Embryo Transfer (FET) - Transfer of an embryo or embryos that were previously created and frozen and subsequently thawed in the IVF laboratory, into a woman's uterus.
Gamete - A sperm or an egg.
Gamete Intrafallopian Tube Transfer (GIFT) - A procedure similar to IVF except that the sperm and eggs are placed inside a catheter, separated by an air bubble, and then transferred inside a woman's fallopian tube, where fertilization takes place. This can be done only in women with at least one normal tube and requires a laparoscopy. This procedure is no longer performed today.
Gestational Carrier - A woman who has agreed to carry a pregnancy for another party, either because the intended mother has medical or uterine factors that preclude her from safely and effectively carrying a pregnancy, or because the intended parents are a gay male couple. Also referred to as a surrogate.
Gonadotropin - A hormone capable of stimulating the testicles or the ovaries to produce sperm or an egg, respectively. FSH and LH are gonadotropins. Drugs which are gonadotropins include Gonal-F, Follistim, Bravelle, Menopur, Luveris, Repronex, Pergonal, Humegon, Metrodin and Fertinex.
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) Antibodies - Test done on the blood of both the husband and wife to screen for previous exposure to the AIDS virus.
Hormonal Assay - Also known as hormone tests. These include FSH (follicle stimulating hormone), LH (luteinizing hormone), DHEAS (dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate), Prolactin, Estradiol, Testosterone, and Progesterone. A hormone is a substance that is released from special tissues in the body, carried in the blood and has special roles that it exerts upon the body.
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) - See beta hCG.
Human Menopausal Gonadotropin (HMG) - A natural product containing both human FSH and LH. The hormones are extracted from the urine of postmenopausal women. The drug is used to treat both male and female infertility and to stimulate the development of multiple oocytes.
Humegon - see Human Menopausal Gonadotropin.
Hydrocoele - A swelling in the scrotum containing fluid.
Hyperstimulation - The constellation of symptoms that may result from overproduction of follicles and hormones from the ovaries, usually as a result of stimulation with injectable (or rarely oral) fertility medications; symptoms include bloating, abdominal pain, shortness of breath, and dehydration.
HysteroSalpingoGram (HSG, HYSTEROGRAM) - An x-ray procedure during which dye is introduced into the uterus through the cervix and passed through the tubes to determine if they are open. This also shows the configuration of the uterus (any irregularities, fibroids, etc).
Hysteroscopy - Fiberoptic visualization of the inside of the uterus through the cervix with a telescope-like device. This procedure is performed to evaluate and treat abnormalities inside the uterine cavity. This procedure can be performed in the office or in conjunction with a laparoscopy.
ICSI - See Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection.
Idiopathic Infertility (Unexplained Infertility) - The term used when no reason can be found to explain the cause of a couple's infertility.
Implantation - The embedding of the fertilized egg, or embryo, in the lining of the uterus.
Infertility - The inability to conceive or carry a pregnancy to term after one year of regular, unprotected intercourse.
Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) - Injection of a single sperm into the center of an egg with a very sharp microscopic glass needle. This technique of micromanipulation is very useful for cases of male factor infertility.
Intrauterine Insemination (IUI) - The introduction of specially prepared sperm directly into the uterus through the cervix by means of a catheter.
In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) - The procedure during which an egg is removed from a mature follicle and fertilized by a sperm outside the human body.
Lupron “Flares” - This stimulation takes advantage of the initial rise or "flare" of gonadotropins (LH and FSH) which occurs transiently after the start of Lupron administration.
Lupron “Down-Regulation” - A treatment cycle in which Lupron is used to suppress a woman's internal hormone secretion before injection of gonadotropins to stimulate follicular development (see Lupron "Flare", Lupron).
Luteal Phase - The days of a menstrual cycle following ovulation and ending with menstruation. During this 12 to 16 day period, the hormone progesterone is produced.
Luteinizing Hormone (LH) - A hormone produced and released by the pituitary gland. It is responsible for triggering ovulation; in the male, LH stimulates testosterone production.
Metformin - An oral medication used to treat patients with insulin resistance, pre-diabetes, or diabetes. It is frequently used in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome.
Micromanipulation - Microscopic procedures, such as ICSI or assisted hatching, involving the eggs, sperm, or embryos.
Myoma - A common benign tumor of the muscle of the uterus. This is sometimes called a fibroid.
Myomectomy - The surgical removal of fibroid tumors from the wall of the uterus.
Nidation - See Implantation.
Oligospermia - A condition in which the number of motile sperm in a semen sample is abnormally low.
Oligo-Ovulation - Infrequent (irregular) ovulation.
Oocyte - The egg cell produced in the ovaries. Also called the ovum or female gamete.
Ovulation - Release of a mature egg from the ovary.
Ovulation Induction - The use of hormone therapy (Clomiphene Citrate, letrozole, injectable gonadotropins) to stimulate oocyte development and release.
PAPanicolaou Smear (PAP TEST) - This is a screening test to evaluate the cells of the cervix to determine if they are normal. It is done by gently touching the cervix with a cotton swab, a wooden spatula or a special small brush and then examining the cells under a microscope.
PolyCystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) - A condition where ovulation is either abnormal or absent, and androgen (male hormone) levels are elevated. PCOS is associated with subfertility as well as an increased risk of diabetes and heart disease.
PostCoital Test (PCT) - Microscopic study of samples of vaginal and cervical secretions taken several hours after sexual relations and examined for live, moving sperm. Also known as the Sims-Huhner Test.
Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) - The process of sampling cells from a blastocyst and then analyzing those cells to determine if the embryo is a carrier of a certain genetic disease (i.e. Cystic Fibrosis, Spinal Muscular Atrophy, Sickle Cell Disease).
Preimplantation Genetic Screening (PGS) - The process of sampling cells from a blastocyst and then analyzing those cells to determine if the embryo has the appropriate number of chromosomes.
Progesterone (P4) - A hormone produced and released by the corpus luteum of the ovary during the second half of an ovulatory cycle. Progesterone is necessary to prepare the lining of the uterus for the implantation of the fertilized egg. During pregnancy, it is produced by the placenta. Supplemental support can be provided by injection or in vaginal or oral forms when indicated.
Prolactin - A hormone produced by the pituitary gland that is required for lactation but when elevated, can inhibit normal ovulation.
Robotic Surgery - A form of laparoscopic surgery which incorporates the use of the DaVinci surgical system. This allows for major abdominal surgery to be performed through small abdominal incisions. This results in faster recovery and decreased pain for patients in most situations. Not all patients are candidates for robotic surgery.
Rubella Titer - A blood test that determines if the patient is immune to rubella (German measles). If immunity is not present, the patient may be advised to have a rubella vaccination and wait one month before attempting pregnancy.
Saline Infusion Sonohysterogram (SIS) - Injection of sterile saline into the uterine cavity during an ultrasound examination to assess for any irregularities of the cavity (polyps, fibroids, scarring, etc.)
Secondary Infertility - The inability to conceive or carry a pregnancy after having successfully conceived and carried one or more pregnancies.
Semen Analysis (SA) -Freshly ejaculated semen is evaluated under a microscope to count the number of sperm (count), the percentage of moving sperm (motility), and to assess the size and shape of the sperm (morphology).
Sperm Antibodies - Antibodies against sperm cells which may attack and destroy them. These antibodies can be produced either by men against their own sperm or by women.
Sperm Wash - Technique for separating sperm from seminal fluid.
Split Ejaculate - A method of collecting a semen specimen so that the first portion of the ejaculate is caught in one container and the rest in a second container. In most men, the first specimen will contain the vast majority of the sperm.
Sterility - The total inability to reproduce. Not to be confused with infertility.
Stimulation - Administration of hormones which induces development of multiple ovarian follicles. See ovulation induction.
Surrogate - This is the historic term for a gestational carrier.
Testicle - The two male sexual glands, contained in the scrotum. They produce the male hormone testosterone and produce the male reproductive cells, the sperm.
Testicular Biopsy - A small surgical excision of testicular tissue to determine the presence of normal sperm.
Testosterone - The most potent male sex hormone. It is produced in the testes, and to lesser amounts, in the ovaries.
TDI - Therapeutic donor insemination. During this procedure, sperm from a donor is placed into a woman's cervix. Also known as AID - artificial insemination by donor, or donor IUI.
Ultrasound - Technique for visualizing the follicles in the ovaries or the fetus in the uterus. A baseline ultrasound shows the ovaries in their unstimulated state. A follicular ultrasound shows egg follicle maturation. A pregnancy ultrasound shows if a pregnancy is intrauterine or tubal and measures growth of the fetus.
Vaginal Ultrasound - Visualization of pelvic structures by projecting sound waves through a probe that is inserted into the vagina.
Varicocele - A collection of varicose veins in the scrotum. Varicoceles can cause pain. They were felt to affect sperm production and surgical correction was recommended for improvement. Today surgery has been abandoned largely unless there is pain.
Zygote - An embryo in the early stages of development.
Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer (ZIFT) - The ovum is fertilized in vitro and then transferred to the fallopian tube surgically. This procedure has been largely abandoned.